Manual Execution

This tutorial is similar to the programmable token transfers example. It demonstrates the use of Chainlink CCIP for transferring tokens and arbitrary data between smart contracts on different blockchains. A distinctive feature of this tutorial is that we intentionally set a very low gas limit when using CCIP to send our message. This low gas limit is designed to cause the execution on the destination chain to fail, providing an opportunity to demonstrate the manual execution feature. Here's how you will proceed:

Initiate a Transfer: You'll transfer tokens and arbitrary data from your source contract on Avalanche Fuji to a receiver contract on Ethereum Sepolia. You will notice that the CCIP message has a very low gas limit, causing the execution on the receiver contract to fail.
Failure of CCIP Message Delivery: Once the transaction is finalized on the source chain (Avalanche Fuji), CCIP will deliver your message to the receiver contract on the destination chain (Ethereum Sepolia). You can follow the progress of your transaction using the CCIP explorer. Here, you'll observe that the execution on the receiver contract failed due to the low gas limit.
Manual Execution via CCIP Explorer: Using the CCIP explorer, you will override the previously set gas limit and retry the execution. This process is referred to as manual execution.
Confirm Successful Execution: After manually executing the transaction with an adequate gas limit, you'll see that the status of your CCIP message is updated to successful. This indicates that the tokens and data were correctly transferred to the receiver contract.

Before you begin

You should understand how to write, compile, deploy, and fund a smart contract. If you need to brush up on the basics, read this tutorial, which will guide you through using the Solidity programming language, interacting with the MetaMask wallet and working within the Remix Development Environment.
Your account must have some AVAX and LINK tokens on Avalanche Fuji and ETH tokens on Ethereum Sepolia. Learn how to Acquire testnet LINK.
Check the CCIP Directory to confirm that the tokens you will transfer are supported for your lane. In this example, you will transfer tokens from Avalanche Fuji to Ethereum Sepolia so check the list of supported tokens here.
Learn how to acquire CCIP test tokens. Following this guide, you should have CCIP-BnM tokens, and CCIP-BnM should appear in the list of your tokens in MetaMask.
Learn how to fund your contract. This guide shows how to fund your contract in LINK, but you can use the same guide for funding your contract with any ERC20 tokens as long as they appear in the list of tokens in MetaMask.
Follow the previous tutorial: Transfer Tokens with Data to learn how to make programmable token transfers using CCIP.
Create a free account on Tenderly. You will use Tenderly to investigate the failed execution of the receiver contract.

Tutorial

In this tutorial, you'll send a text string and CCIP-BnM tokens between smart contracts on Avalanche Fuji and Ethereum Sepolia using CCIP and pay transaction fees in LINK. The tutorial demonstrates setting a deliberately low gas limit in the CCIP message, causing initial execution failure on the receiver contract. You will then:

Use the CCIP explorer to increase the gas limit.
Manually retry the execution.
Observe successful execution after the gas limit adjustment.

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.24;

import {IRouterClient} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/ccip/interfaces/IRouterClient.sol";
import {OwnerIsCreator} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/shared/access/OwnerIsCreator.sol";
import {Client} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/ccip/libraries/Client.sol";
import {CCIPReceiver} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/ccip/applications/CCIPReceiver.sol";
import {IERC20} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/vendor/openzeppelin-solidity/v4.8.3/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import {SafeERC20} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/vendor/openzeppelin-solidity/v4.8.3/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";

/**
 * THIS IS AN EXAMPLE CONTRACT THAT USES HARDCODED VALUES FOR CLARITY.
 * THIS IS AN EXAMPLE CONTRACT THAT USES UN-AUDITED CODE.
 * DO NOT USE THIS CODE IN PRODUCTION.
 */

/// @title - A simple messenger contract for transferring/receiving tokens and data across chains.
contract ProgrammableTokenTransfersLowGasLimit is CCIPReceiver, OwnerIsCreator {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;

    // Custom errors to provide more descriptive revert messages.
    error NotEnoughBalance(uint256 currentBalance, uint256 calculatedFees); // Used to make sure contract has enough balance to cover the fees.
    error NothingToWithdraw(); // Used when trying to withdraw Ether but there's nothing to withdraw.
    error DestinationChainNotAllowed(uint64 destinationChainSelector); // Used when the destination chain has not been allowlisted by the contract owner.
    error SourceChainNotAllowed(uint64 sourceChainSelector); // Used when the source chain has not been allowlisted by the contract owner.
    error SenderNotAllowed(address sender); // Used when the sender has not been allowlisted by the contract owner.

    // Event emitted when a message is sent to another chain.
    event MessageSent(
        bytes32 indexed messageId, // The unique ID of the CCIP message.
        uint64 indexed destinationChainSelector, // The chain selector of the destination chain.
        address receiver, // The address of the receiver on the destination chain.
        string text, // The text being sent.
        address token, // The token address that was transferred.
        uint256 tokenAmount, // The token amount that was transferred.
        address feeToken, // the token address used to pay CCIP fees.
        uint256 fees // The fees paid for sending the message.
    );

    // Event emitted when a message is received from another chain.
    event MessageReceived(
        bytes32 indexed messageId, // The unique ID of the CCIP message.
        uint64 indexed sourceChainSelector, // The chain selector of the source chain.
        address sender, // The address of the sender from the source chain.
        string text, // The text that was received.
        address token, // The token address that was transferred.
        uint256 tokenAmount // The token amount that was transferred.
    );

    bytes32 private s_lastReceivedMessageId; // Store the last received messageId.
    address private s_lastReceivedTokenAddress; // Store the last received token address.
    uint256 private s_lastReceivedTokenAmount; // Store the last received amount.
    string private s_lastReceivedText; // Store the last received text.

    // Mapping to keep track of allowlisted destination chains.
    mapping(uint64 => bool) public allowlistedDestinationChains;

    // Mapping to keep track of allowlisted source chains.
    mapping(uint64 => bool) public allowlistedSourceChains;

    // Mapping to keep track of allowlisted senders.
    mapping(address => bool) public allowlistedSenders;

    IERC20 private s_linkToken;

    /// @notice Constructor initializes the contract with the router address.
    /// @param _router The address of the router contract.
    /// @param _link The address of the link contract.
    constructor(address _router, address _link) CCIPReceiver(_router) {
        s_linkToken = IERC20(_link);
    }

    /// @dev Modifier that checks if the chain with the given destinationChainSelector is allowlisted.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The selector of the destination chain.
    modifier onlyAllowlistedDestinationChain(uint64 _destinationChainSelector) {
        if (!allowlistedDestinationChains[_destinationChainSelector])
            revert DestinationChainNotAllowed(_destinationChainSelector);
        _;
    }

    /// @dev Modifier that checks if the chain with the given sourceChainSelector is allowlisted and if the sender is allowlisted.
    /// @param _sourceChainSelector The selector of the destination chain.
    /// @param _sender The address of the sender.
    modifier onlyAllowlisted(uint64 _sourceChainSelector, address _sender) {
        if (!allowlistedSourceChains[_sourceChainSelector])
            revert SourceChainNotAllowed(_sourceChainSelector);
        if (!allowlistedSenders[_sender]) revert SenderNotAllowed(_sender);
        _;
    }

    /// @dev Updates the allowlist status of a destination chain for transactions.
    /// @notice This function can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The selector of the destination chain to be updated.
    /// @param allowed The allowlist status to be set for the destination chain.
    function allowlistDestinationChain(
        uint64 _destinationChainSelector,
        bool allowed
    ) external onlyOwner {
        allowlistedDestinationChains[_destinationChainSelector] = allowed;
    }

    /// @dev Updates the allowlist status of a source chain
    /// @notice This function can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _sourceChainSelector The selector of the source chain to be updated.
    /// @param allowed The allowlist status to be set for the source chain.
    function allowlistSourceChain(
        uint64 _sourceChainSelector,
        bool allowed
    ) external onlyOwner {
        allowlistedSourceChains[_sourceChainSelector] = allowed;
    }

    /// @dev Updates the allowlist status of a sender for transactions.
    /// @notice This function can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _sender The address of the sender to be updated.
    /// @param allowed The allowlist status to be set for the sender.
    function allowlistSender(address _sender, bool allowed) external onlyOwner {
        allowlistedSenders[_sender] = allowed;
    }

    /// @notice Sends data and transfer tokens to receiver on the destination chain.
    /// @notice Pay for fees in LINK.
    /// @notice the gasLimit is set to 20_000 on purpose to force the execution to fail on the destination chain
    /// @dev Assumes your contract has sufficient LINK to pay for CCIP fees.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The identifier (aka selector) for the destination blockchain.
    /// @param _receiver The address of the recipient on the destination blockchain.
    /// @param _text The string data to be sent.
    /// @param _token token address.
    /// @param _amount token amount.
    /// @return messageId The ID of the CCIP message that was sent.
    function sendMessagePayLINK(
        uint64 _destinationChainSelector,
        address _receiver,
        string calldata _text,
        address _token,
        uint256 _amount
    )
        external
        onlyOwner
        onlyAllowlistedDestinationChain(_destinationChainSelector)
        returns (bytes32 messageId)
    {
        // Set the token amounts
        Client.EVMTokenAmount[]
            memory tokenAmounts = new Client.EVMTokenAmount[](1);
        tokenAmounts[0] = Client.EVMTokenAmount({
            token: _token,
            amount: _amount
        });

        // Create an EVM2AnyMessage struct in memory with necessary information for sending a cross-chain message
        // address(linkToken) means fees are paid in LINK

        Client.EVM2AnyMessage memory evm2AnyMessage = Client.EVM2AnyMessage({
            receiver: abi.encode(_receiver), // ABI-encoded receiver address
            data: abi.encode(_text), // ABI-encoded string
            tokenAmounts: tokenAmounts, // The amount and type of token being transferred
            extraArgs: Client._argsToBytes(
                // Additional arguments, setting gas limit and allowing out-of-order execution.
                // Best Practice: For simplicity, the values are hardcoded. It is advisable to use a more dynamic approach
                // where you set the extra arguments off-chain. This allows adaptation depending on the lanes, messages,
                // and ensures compatibility with future CCIP upgrades. Read more about it here: https://docs.chain.link/ccip/best-practices#using-extraargs
                Client.EVMExtraArgsV2({
                    gasLimit: 20_000, // Gas limit for the callback on the destination chain
                    allowOutOfOrderExecution: true // Allows the message to be executed out of order relative to other messages from the same sender
                })
            ),
            // Set the feeToken to a LINK token address
            feeToken: address(s_linkToken)
        });

        // Initialize a router client instance to interact with cross-chain router
        IRouterClient router = IRouterClient(this.getRouter());

        // Get the fee required to send the CCIP message
        uint256 fees = router.getFee(_destinationChainSelector, evm2AnyMessage);

        if (fees > s_linkToken.balanceOf(address(this)))
            revert NotEnoughBalance(s_linkToken.balanceOf(address(this)), fees);

        // approve the Router to transfer LINK tokens on contract's behalf. It will spend the fees in LINK
        s_linkToken.approve(address(router), fees);

        // approve the Router to spend tokens on contract's behalf. It will spend the amount of the given token
        IERC20(_token).approve(address(router), _amount);

        // Send the message through the router and store the returned message ID
        messageId = router.ccipSend(_destinationChainSelector, evm2AnyMessage);

        // Emit an event with message details
        emit MessageSent(
            messageId,
            _destinationChainSelector,
            _receiver,
            _text,
            _token,
            _amount,
            address(s_linkToken),
            fees
        );

        // Return the message ID
        return messageId;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the details of the last CCIP received message.
     * @dev This function retrieves the ID, text, token address, and token amount of the last received CCIP message.
     * @return messageId The ID of the last received CCIP message.
     * @return text The text of the last received CCIP message.
     * @return tokenAddress The address of the token in the last CCIP received message.
     * @return tokenAmount The amount of the token in the last CCIP received message.
     */
    function getLastReceivedMessageDetails()
        public
        view
        returns (
            bytes32 messageId,
            string memory text,
            address tokenAddress,
            uint256 tokenAmount
        )
    {
        return (
            s_lastReceivedMessageId,
            s_lastReceivedText,
            s_lastReceivedTokenAddress,
            s_lastReceivedTokenAmount
        );
    }

    /// handle a received message
    function _ccipReceive(
        Client.Any2EVMMessage memory any2EvmMessage
    )
        internal
        override
        onlyAllowlisted(
            any2EvmMessage.sourceChainSelector,
            abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.sender, (address))
        ) // Make sure source chain and sender are allowlisted
    {
        s_lastReceivedMessageId = any2EvmMessage.messageId; // fetch the messageId
        s_lastReceivedText = abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.data, (string)); // abi-decoding of the sent text
        // Expect one token to be transferred at once, but you can transfer several tokens.
        s_lastReceivedTokenAddress = any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].token;
        s_lastReceivedTokenAmount = any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].amount;

        emit MessageReceived(
            any2EvmMessage.messageId,
            any2EvmMessage.sourceChainSelector, // fetch the source chain identifier (aka selector)
            abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.sender, (address)), // abi-decoding of the sender address,
            abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.data, (string)),
            any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].token,
            any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].amount
        );
    }

    /// @notice Allows the owner of the contract to withdraw all tokens of a specific ERC20 token.
    /// @dev This function reverts with a 'NothingToWithdraw' error if there are no tokens to withdraw.
    /// @param _beneficiary The address to which the tokens will be sent.
    /// @param _token The contract address of the ERC20 token to be withdrawn.
    function withdrawToken(
        address _beneficiary,
        address _token
    ) public onlyOwner {
        // Retrieve the balance of this contract
        uint256 amount = IERC20(_token).balanceOf(address(this));

        // Revert if there is nothing to withdraw
        if (amount == 0) revert NothingToWithdraw();

        IERC20(_token).safeTransfer(_beneficiary, amount);
    }
}

Open in Remix What is Remix?

Deploy your contracts

To use this contract:

Open the contract in Remix.
Compile your contract.
Deploy, fund your sender contract on Avalanche Fuji and enable sending messages to Ethereum Sepolia:
1. Open MetaMask and select the network Avalanche Fuji.
2. In Remix IDE, click on Deploy & Run Transactions and select Injected Provider - MetaMask from the environment list. Remix will then interact with your MetaMask wallet to communicate with Avalanche Fuji.
3. Fill in your blockchain's router and LINK contract addresses. The router address can be found on the CCIP Directory and the LINK contract address on the LINK token contracts page. For Avalanche Fuji:
  - The router address is 0xF694E193200268f9a4868e4Aa017A0118C9a8177,
  - The LINK contract address is 0x0b9d5D9136855f6FEc3c0993feE6E9CE8a297846.
4. Click the transact button. After you confirm the transaction, the contract address appears on the Deployed Contracts list. Note your contract address.
5. Open MetaMask and fund your contract with CCIP-BnM tokens. You can transfer 0.002 CCIP-BnM to your contract.
6. Open MetaMask and fund your contract with LINK tokens. You can transfer 70 LINK to your contract. In this example, LINK is used to pay the CCIP fees.
  
  Note: This transaction fee is significantly higher than normal due to gas spikes on Sepolia. To run this example, you can get additional testnet LINK from faucets.chain.link or use a supported testnet other than Sepolia.
7. Enable your contract to send CCIP messages to Ethereum Sepolia:
  1. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Avalanche Fuji.
  2. Call the allowlistDestinationChain with 16015286601757825753 as the destination chain selector, and true as allowed. Each chain selector is found on the CCIP Directory.
Deploy your receiver contract on Ethereum Sepolia and enable receiving messages from your sender contract:
1. Open MetaMask and select the network Ethereum Sepolia.
2. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, make sure the environment is still Injected Provider - MetaMask.
3. Fill in your blockchain's router and LINK contract addresses. The router address can be found on the CCIP Directory and the LINK contract address on the LINK token contracts page. For Ethereum Sepolia:
  - The router address is 0x0BF3dE8c5D3e8A2B34D2BEeB17ABfCeBaf363A59,
  - The LINK contract address is 0x779877A7B0D9E8603169DdbD7836e478b4624789.
4. Click the transact button. After you confirm the transaction, the contract address appears on the Deployed Contracts list. Note your contract address.
5. Enable your contract to receive CCIP messages from Avalanche Fuji:
  1. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Ethereum Sepolia.
  2. Call the allowlistSourceChain with 14767482510784806043 as the source chain selector, and true as allowed. Each chain selector is found on the CCIP Directory.
6. Enable your contract to receive CCIP messages from the contract that you deployed on Avalanche Fuji:
  1. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Ethereum Sepolia.
  2. Call the allowlistSender with the contract address of the contract that you deployed on Avalanche Fuji, and true as allowed.

At this point, you have one sender contract on Avalanche Fuji and one receiver contract on Ethereum Sepolia. As security measures, you enabled the sender contract to send CCIP messages to Ethereum Sepolia and the receiver contract to receive CCIP messages from the sender and Avalanche Fuji.

Transfer and Receive tokens and data and pay in LINK

You will transfer 0.001 CCIP-BnM and a text. The CCIP fees for using CCIP will be paid in LINK.

Send a string data with tokens from Avalanche Fuji:

Open MetaMask and select the network Avalanche Fuji.
In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Avalanche Fuji.

Fill in the arguments of the sendMessagePayLINK function:

Argument	Value and Description
_destinationChainSelector	`16015286601757825753` CCIP Chain identifier of the destination blockchain (Ethereum Sepolia in this example). You can find each chain selector on the CCIP Directory.
_receiver	Your receiver contract address at Ethereum Sepolia. The destination contract address.
_text	`Hello World!` Any `string`
_token	`0xD21341536c5cF5EB1bcb58f6723cE26e8D8E90e4` The CCIP-BnM contract address at the source chain (Avalanche Fuji in this example). You can find all the addresses for each supported blockchain on the CCIP Directory.
_amount	`1000000000000000` The token amount (0.001 CCIP-BnM).

Click on transact and confirm the transaction on MetaMask.
After the transaction is successful, record the transaction hash. Here is an example of a transaction on Avalanche Fuji.

Under normal circumstances, transactions on the Ethereum Sepolia network require significantly fewer tokens to pay for gas. However, during exceptional periods of high gas price spikes, your transactions may fail if not sufficiently funded. In such cases, you may need to fund your contract with additional tokens. We recommend paying for your CCIP transactions in LINK tokens (rather than native tokens) as you can obtain extra LINK testnet tokens from faucets.chain.link. If you encounter a transaction failure due to these gas price spikes, please add additional LINK tokens to your contract and try again. Alternatively, you can use a supported testnet other than Sepolia.

Open the CCIP explorer and search your cross-chain transaction using the transaction hash. Note that the Gas Limit is 20000. In this example, the CCIP message ID is 0xf8dc098c832332ac59ccc73ee00b480975d8f122a2265c90a1ccc2cd52268770.
After a few minutes, the status will be updated to Ready for manual execution indicating that CCIP could not successfully deliver the message due to the initial low gas limit. At this stage, you have the option to override the gas limit.
You can also confirm that the CCIP message was not delivered to the receiver contract on the destination chain:
1. Open MetaMask and select the network Ethereum Sepolia.
2. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Ethereum Sepolia.
3. Call the getLastReceivedMessageDetails function.
4. Observe that the returned data is empty: the received messageId is 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, indicating no message was received. Additionally, the received text field is empty, the token address is the default 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000, and the token amount shows as 0.

Manual execution

Investigate the root cause of receiver contract execution failure

To determine if a low gas limit is causing the failure in the receiver contract's execution, consider the following methods:

Error analysis: Examine the error description in the CCIP explorer. An error labeled ReceiverError. This may be due to an out of gas error on the destination chain. Error code: 0x, often indicates a low gas issue.
Advanced Investigation Tool: For a comprehensive analysis, employ a sophisticated tool like Tenderly. Tenderly can provide detailed insights into the transaction processes, helping to pinpoint the exact cause of the failure.

To use Tenderly:

Copy the destination transaction hash from the CCIP explorer. In this example, the destination transaction hash is 0x9f5b50460a1ab551add15dc4b743c81df992e34bc8140bbbdc033de7043140f5.
Open Tenderly and search for your transaction. You should see an interface similar to the following:
Enable Full Trace then click on Reverts.
Notice the out of gas error in the receiver contract. In this example, the receiver contract is 0x47EAa31C9e2B1B1Ba19824BedcbE0014c15df15e.

Trigger manual execution

You will increase the gas limit and trigger manual execution:

In the CCIP explorer, connect your wallet, set the Gas limit override to 200000, and click on Trigger Manual Execution.
After you confirm the transaction on Metamask, the CCIP explorer shows you a confirmation screen.
Click on the Close button and observe the status marked as Success.
Check the receiver contract on the destination chain:
1. Open MetaMask and select the network Ethereum Sepolia.
2. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Ethereum Sepolia.
3. Call the getLastReceivedMessageDetails function.
4. Notice the received messageId is 0xf8dc098c832332ac59ccc73ee00b480975d8f122a2265c90a1ccc2cd52268770, the received text is Hello World!, the token address is 0xFd57b4ddBf88a4e07fF4e34C487b99af2Fe82a05 (CCIP-BnM token address on Ethereum Sepolia) and the token amount is 1000000000000000 (0.001 CCIP-BnM).

Note: These example contracts are designed to work bi-directionally. As an exercise, you can use them to transfer tokens and data from Avalanche Fuji to Ethereum Sepolia and from Ethereum Sepolia back to Avalanche Fuji.

Explanation

If you use NPM, install the @chainlink/contracts-ccip NPM package:

npm install @chainlink/[email protected]

If you use Yarn, install the @chainlink/contracts-ccip NPM package:

yarn add @chainlink/[email protected]

If you use Foundry, install the package:

forge install smartcontractkit/ccip@5c711214167b7e6f05cf6de74bdab9f6e26763b2

The smart contract used in this tutorial is configured to use CCIP for transferring and receiving tokens with data, similar to the contract in the Transfer Tokens with Data tutorial. For a detailed understanding of the contract code, refer to the code explanation section of that tutorial.

A key distinction in this tutorial is the intentional setup of a low gas limit of 20,000 for building the CCIP message. This specific gas limit setting is expected to fail the message delivery on the receiver contract in the destination chain:

Client.EVMExtraArgsV2({
  gasLimit: 20_000
  allowOutOfOrderExecution: true
})

This example is simplified for educational purposes. For production code, please adhere to the following best practices:

Do Not Hardcode extraArgs: In this example, extraArgs are hardcoded within the contract for simplicity. It is recommended to make extraArgs mutable. For instance, you can construct extraArgs off-chain and pass them into your function calls, or store them in a storage variable that can be updated as needed. This approach ensures that extraArgs remain backward compatible with future CCIP upgrades. Refer to the Best Practices guide for more information.
Validate the Destination Chain: Always ensure that the destination chain is valid and supported before sending messages.
Understand allowOutOfOrderExecution Usage: This example sets allowOutOfOrderExecution to true (see EVMExtraArgsV2). However, as documented in the Best Practices: Setting allowOutOfOrderExecution, this parameter is available only on lanes where the Out of Order Execution property is set to Optional or Required. Refer to the CCIP Directory to determine if your target lane supports this feature. For lanes where this parameter is absent, you must use extraArgsV1 instead.

Following these best practices ensures that your contract is robust, future-proof, and compliant with CCIP standards.

Manual Execution

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